#PragerU
Politics | POLITICS
Your Pilot Is a DEI Hire. Good Luck!
United Airlines set an aggressive diversity goal for their pilot training academy: at least 50% will be women or people of color. Shouldn’t the only…
Politics | Media Watch
The Media: Lying Liars | PragerU
How many times can someone lie to you before you stop believing him? Popular podcaster Tim Pool applies this question to a source you might be trusting a…
Politics | Politics
A World without Fossil Fuels | PragerU
Environmentalists advocate for a world without fossil fuels. But what would the real-life consequences be? Would it even be a world you would want to live in?
Politics | Politics
The Constitution: Why a Republic?
Winning the War of Independence brought a new challenge to the American people: what sort of government should they choose for their new nation? Robert…
Politics | Leftist Lies
Lying Liars | PragerU
How many times can someone lie to you before you stop believing him? Popular podcaster Tim Pool applies this question to a source you might be trusting a…
Politics | Politics
The Constitution: The Civil Rights Amendments | PragerU
After the Civil War ended in 1865, Americans began the business of reconstructing their country, and along with it, their Constitution. Kurt Lash, Professor…
Politics | Woke Insanity
Why Is the LA Zoo Inviting Children to Their Drag Show?
LA Zoo hosted an "All Ages" drag show with tickets available for "Children" and even "Infants" in partnership with LA Pride. Aldo attended the event to ask…
Politics | The Decline Of America
Should We Bring Back Traditional Gender Roles? | PragerU
Should we return to traditional gender roles? Do men and women naturally have different strengths? Aldo travels to UC Berkeley to ask these questions and…
Miscellaneous | Resources
The Evil of Holocaust Denial | PragerU
Why would anyone deny the single most documented genocide in history? This week, Dennis responds to strong opposition he received from his recent column, If…
Politics | Climate Change
Is There Really a Climate Emergency?
The climate is the most complex system on Earth. Is it really possible to project with any precision what it will be like 20, 40, or even 100 years from now?…
Politics | Hollywood Propaganda
David Zucker: Why Can’t Hollywood Take a Joke Anymore?
Writer, director, and producer David Zucker—best-known for the comedy classic “Airplane!” and the horror parody “Scary Movie” franchise—always wanted to make…
Politics | Politics
Is There Really a 'Glass Ceiling'?
Kim Kiyosaki is co-founder and CEO of The Rich Dad Company and a spirited advocate of financial education. In this episode of Real Talk, Kim and PragerU CEO…
Politics | POLITICS
The Constitution: The Limited Powers of Congress | PragerU
The Framers of the United States Constitution wanted to give more power to the people and less power to the government. This was a radical new idea, and it…
Politics | POLITICS
Understanding Marxism: The Enemy of Being is Having
Capitalism is the source of all evil. If we can just get rid of the capitalist system, we can eliminate poverty, inequality, exploitation, class conflict,…
Miscellaneous | Interesting Links
The Fallen Soldier | PragerU
Others have made the ultimate sacrifice so that you could be free. Remember them—today, and always. A moving tribute, written and narrated by former Navy…
News | Abortion
Tell the Truth about Abortion | PragerU
Fireside Chat revisits 2019 with an especially relevant episode about abortion. Dennis responds to the most common pro-abortion arguments to help equip…
Politics | Politics
Seven Economic Truths | PragerU
You can learn a lot about basic economics from great quotes. David Bahnsen, author of There's No Free Lunch: 250 Economic Truths, proves how true this is.
Politics | Politics
The Whiteness of Wokeness | PragerU
Most people advocating for radical social change on behalf of people of color are not themselves people of color. How do you explain that? Wilfred Reilly,…
Miscellaneous | Other Stuff
Why is Modern Art so Bad? | PragerU
For two millennia, great artists set the standard for beauty. Now those standards are gone. Modern art is a competition between the ugly and the twisted; the…
Politics | Hamas, Gaza & The Palestinian Authority
A Palestinian Explains Hamas | PragerU
How do we make life better for those who live in Gaza? According to Palestinian political analyst Bassem Eid, we start by recognizing who is really responsible for the suffering that happens there.
Politics | Politics
An Astrophysicist Explains Why He Gets Nervous When He Hears “Follow the Science”
Brian Keating is an astrophysicist at a major university. Science is his life. But when he hears someone say to “follow the science,” he gets nervous. Because that’s not how science works. And never has. Follow Brian Keating on YouTube and Twitter! Click
Politics | Politics
Did Capitalism Save Communist China? | PragerU
How did one of the world’s poorest countries—China—become, in thirty years, one of the world’s richest? The answer is surprisingly simple and surprisingly powerful. China scholar Helen Raleigh breaks it down.
Politics | Corruption
How to Steal an Election: Mail-In Ballots | PragerU
What’s the difference between absentee balloting and universal mail-in balloting? The latter might sound like a great idea, but is it really? Eric Eggers of the Government Accountability Institute answers this vitally important question.
Politics | Politics
Where Do You Want to Live: Red State or Blue State? | PragerU
We're supposed to be the United States of America. But in many ways, we're now divided into two very different nations: red states and blue states. Which ones are succeeding? Which ones are failing? And why? To answer these questions, economist Stephen Mo
Politics | Interesting Links
Is The National Anthem Racist? | PragerU
The Star-Spangled Banner, long a treasured symbol of national unity, has suddenly become "one of the most racist, pro-slavery songs" in American culture. Why is this happening? And more importantly, is it true? USA Today columnist James Robbins
Politics | Media Bias
Don’t Be Fooled: AJ+ Is Al Jazeera | PragerU
There's a social media site whose glitzy videos populate your newsfeed. Its content overflows with typical leftist tropes. No, it's not CNN or MSNBC. You should know what it is and the nefarious people backing it. Raheem Kassam, author of "No Go Zones,"
Politics | Leftist Lies
Did President Trump really call neo-Nazis “very fine people”? The Charlottesville Lie | PragerU
Did President Trump call neo-Nazis “very fine people” during a famous press conference following the Charlottesville riots of August 2017? The major media reported that he did. But what if their reporting is wrong? Worse, what if their reporting is wrong
News | Antisemitism Watch
Success! Prager University Removes Their Owen Benjamin Videos From Facebook | Israellycool
Following my post about their Digital Marketing Coordinator Tyler Goldstein having a pally conversation with antisemitic 'comedian' Owen Benjamin, Prager University has removed their videos featuring Benjamin from Facebook.
News | Antisemitism Watch
Prager U’s Tyler Goldstein Legitimizes Antisemite Owen Benjamin | Israellycool
As Jew-hating 'comedian' Owen Benjamin continues to spread his hatred of the Jewish people unabated on Instagram and YouTube, a Jewish guest by the name of Tyler Goldstein has inexplicably agreed to appear on Benjamin's latest video.
Politics | Interesting Links
A Fine Time to Become an American | PragerU
Renowned Oxford-trained historian Niall Ferguson recounts his recent experience of becoming an American citizen. His unique impressions are both moving and surprising — even to him.
Politics | Interesting Links
WATCH: Students Celebrate Che Guevara, Then Told About His Treatment Of Gays | Daily Wire
In a new man-on-the-street video by PragerU, Will Witt visits the University of California San Diego to see what students think about Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.
Politics | Big Tech vs Conservatives
Leaked Google Doc Describes Shapiro, Peterson, PragerU As ‘Nazis Using The Dog Whistles’
A newly-published leaked document contains what appears to be an email exchange among Google employees participating in a "transparency-and-ethics" discussion that includes a reference to PragerU, Jordan Peterson, and Ben Shapiro as "nazis using the dog w
Politics | Politics
Gun Rights Are Women's Rights | PragerU
The right to bear arms isn't just a constitutional issue -- it's a women's rights issue. Author and commentator Katie Pavlich explains why guns are the great equalizer between men and women.
History | History
The 20th Century’s Most Important Day Was D-Day. This Is Why. | PragerU
On June 6, 1944, Allied forces stormed the beaches of Normandy in northern France. Their goal: to liberate Western Europe from Nazi tyranny. From a distance, it might seem that victory was pre-ordained, but no one felt that way at the time. British milita
Politics | Iran Terror
The Iran Nuclear Deal
Is the nuclear agreement between the United States and Iran a good or bad deal? Would it be harder or easier for Iran to develop nuclear weapons? Would it ma...
Politics | Politics
Do You Understand the Electoral College? | PragerU
Do you understand what the Electoral College is? Or how it works? Or why America uses it to elect its presidents instead of just using a straight popular vote? Author, lawyer and Electoral College expert Tara Ross does, and she explains that to understand
History | History
Lincoln and Thanksgiving: The Origin of an American Holiday
The very first Thanksgiving happened almost 400 years ago—long before the nation was born. How did it evolve into America’s quintessential national holiday? Credit largely goes to two people—one, a name you know; the other, you’ve probably never h
Politics | Illegal Immigration
Illegal Immigration: It's About Power
Historically, Democrats supported strong borders because they knew American workers could never compete with illegal immigrants. Now, they regularly support “open borders.” So why the drastic change? Tucker Carlson, host of Tucker Carlson Tonight, exp
History | History
Goodbye, Columbus Day
Even though it remains a national holiday, many cities no longer celebrate Columbus Day. They celebrate Indigenous Peoples Day instead. What’s behind the switch? Contrary to what you might think, it’s not about paying homage to America’s original in
Politics | Interesting Links
Is Islam a Religion of Peace?
Is Islam a religion of peace? Is it compatible with Western liberalism? Or does Islam need a reformation, just as Christianity had the Protestant Reformation...
History | History
What Was the Cold War? | PragerU
The decades-long “Cold War” (1947-1989) between the United States and the Soviet Union was so named because the two global powers never came to direct blows. Yet, the war was not without its victims. In fact, millions of Cubans, Koreans and Vietnamese
History | History
Why the 3/5ths Compromise Was Anti-Slavery | PragerU
Is racism enshrined in the United States Constitution? How could the same Founding Fathers who endorsed the idea that all men are created equal also endorse the idea that some men are not? The answer provided in this video by Carol Swain, former professor
Politics | Liberal "Tolerance"
So, You Think You're Tolerant? | PragerU
Are you tolerant? You probably think so. But who is tolerant in America today? Is it those on the left, or those on the right? In this video, Dave Rubin of The Rubin Report analyzes this question and shares his experience. Click here to take a brief surve
Politics | Interesting Links
What Is Intersectionality?
Intersectionality is the newest fad in political activism. What is it? Who’s involved? And, what does it even mean? Nobody is better prepared to answer these questions than Daily Wire editor-in-chief and podcast sensation, Ben Shapiro. He breaks it all
Politics | Politics
How PragerU Is Winning The Right-Wing Culture War Without Donald Trump
A right-wing online "university" is on track for a billion views in 2018, its professors are some of the best-known conservatives in media, and its founder wants to put it in real schools. So how come you've never heard of it?
News | Abortion
What You Need to Know About Planned Parenthood | PragerU
What does Planned Parenthood really do? What do they actually stand for? President and founder of Live Action, Lila Rose, lays out everything you need to know about Planned Parenthood.
Miscellaneous | Interesting Links!
What's the Truth About the First Thanksgiving?
Should Americans celebrate Thanksgiving as a day of gratitude? Or should they mourn it as a day of guilt? Michael Medved, author of The American Miracle, shares the fascinating story of the first Thanksgiving.
Politics | Healthcare
Why Is Health Insurance so Complicated? | PragerU
Why is health insurance so complicated, while car insurance and life insurance are so simple? Can health insurance be more like, well, insurance? Lanhee Chen, fellow at the Hoover Institution, explains.
Advice & Self-Help | Parenting
How to Get Kids to Listen | PragerU
Why is it so hard for so many parents and teachers to get kids to do as they are told? Because too many adults have followed some very bad advice. Family psychologist John Rosemond offers some useful tips on how to get the little barbarians to listen.
History | History
The World's Most Moral Army
Is the Israeli military a paragon of morality and wartime ethics? Or is it an oppressive force that targets innocent Palestinian civilians and commits war crimes as a matter of policy? Colonel Richard Kemp, who was the commander of British Forces in Afgha
Politics | Political Science
Campaign Finance Reform Corrupts
What corrupts politics more: Millionaires and billionaires? Or the rules that intend to limit the influence of wealthy donors? George Will, author and Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the Washington Post, explains who designed campaign finance reform
Politics | Political Science
Game of Loans
Why does student debt keep going up and up even as it's harder and harder to find a good job with a college degree? And why does it seem that the more aid the government and colleges give, the less it helps? Charlie Kirk, founder of Turning Point USA
Politics | Political Science
Left but Really Right
Successful liberals live by conservative values. It's true. The liberal musician, the liberal chef, the liberal writer -- all swear by things conservatives love, like competition, earned reward, and, yes, profit and the bottom line. Greg Gutfeld, bes
Politics | POLITICS
Do the Rich Pay Their Fair Share?
Do the rich pay their fair share of taxes? It's not a simple question. First of all, what do you mean by rich? And how much is fair? What are the rich, whoev...
History | History
Who Killed the Liberal Arts?
What in the world happened to the liberal arts? A degree in the humanities used to transmit the knowledge and wisdom imbued in the works of great Western artists, writers, musicians and thinkers like Shakespeare and Mozart. But today, that same degree str
News | News/Politics
Who Are the Racists: Conservatives or Liberals? - YouTube
What makes conservatism right? If you're a conservative, you should know why you're right. If you're not a conservative, why should you think about becoming ...
News | News/Politics
Why the Right is Right - YouTube
What makes conservatism right? If you're a conservative, you should know why you're right. If you're not a conservative, why should you think about becoming ...
Science & Technology | Cool Stuff
Does Science Argue for or against God?
Why are we here? Literally. The latest science says we shouldn’t be. It says that the chance life exists at all is less than zero. So, is science the greates...
History | History
Why We're Losing Liberty
Was the Constitution written in a way that was designed to protect freedom and limit the government's size? Has it been effective in doing that? And what's t...
Politics | Politics
Myths, Lies and Capitalism
Does free enterprise hurt the poor? Is it unfair and driven by greed? Did it cause the Great Recession? In five minutes, Arthur Brooks answers these question...
Politics | Politics
What They Haven't Told You about Climate Change
Since time immemorial, our climate has been and will always be changing. Patrick Moore explains why “climate change,” far from being a recent human-caused di...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Is Honesty Always the Best Policy?
Telling the truth is usually right. But can it also sometimes be wrong? If so, when? And why? Rabbi Joseph Telushkin, a bestselling author and renowned scholar, explains when honesty isn't the best policy.
Miscellaneous | Interesting
Radical Islam: The Most Dangerous Ideology
Is radical Islam our generation's most dangerous ideology? Is it comparable to what Nazism and Communism were in the 20th century? Or are Islamists no more d...
History | History
Rockefeller: The Richest American Who Ever Lived
Was America's first billionaire, John D. Rockefeller, a greedy robber baron, a generous philanthropist, or both? And did the oil tycoon exploit America's poo...
Business & Finance | Economics
Is Capitalism Moral?
Is capitalism moral or greedy? If it's based on greed and selfishness, what's the best alternative economic system? Perhaps socialism? And if capitalism is m...
News | News
Why We're Losing Liberty
Was the Constitution written in a way that was designed to protect freedom and limit the government's size? Has it been effective in doing that? And what's t...
Politics | Political Science
Does Free Speech Offend You?
Should offensive speech be banned? Where should we, as a society, draw the line where permitted speech is on one side, and forbidden speech is on the other? ...
History | History
Are You on the Wrong Side of History?
Are you on the wrong side or the right side of history? Is there even a
Politics | Political Science
The Most Important Question About Abortion
Is abortion right, or is it wrong? It's the big question that's lost in a societal debate that's mostly focused on legality. But, really, whether it's right ...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
The Speech Every 2015 College Grad Needs to Hear
There were thousands of college commencement speeches around the country this year for the Class of 2015. But there was one missing -- one very truthful, fun...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Happiness Equation: U = I - R
Is there an equation that can accurately predict how happy you will be? There is. Can you control the inputs of that equation, and thus your own happiness? Y...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
He Wants You
Men look at pretty women. That goes for men who are married, men who are dating, and men who are single. That's their nature. But is this built-in attraction...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Why Bad Luck is Good
Can bad luck be a good thing? Comedian Adam Carolla, best-selling author and the world's most popular podcaster, well understands this riddle. He's lived it....
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
What Matters Most in Life?
What is the most important thing in life? Money? Happiness? Love? Those things are certainly important, but what matters most is good values. What are values...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
What Every Graduate Should Know
As a college graduate, the commencement speech is something that you can take with you into the world. America's universities have attracted some of the most...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Forgiveness
We have all had times in our relationships when we hurt a loved one, or a loved one hurt us. That's part of life. But not all of us know how to forgive, even...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
What Did Your Parents Most Want You to Be?
When parents boast about their children with other people, what do most say first? Is it how nice they are to strangers? Or how much volunteering they did la...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Why Be Happy?
Dennis Prager talks about one of humanity's biggest pursuits--happiness. It's mentioned in the Declaration of Independence. Therapists and psychologists (and...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Understanding Men and Women; Why They See Things Differently
Men and Women live in the same world, so why do they see it so differently? Renowned relationship expert, Alison Armstrong, provides answers that are provoca...
Advice & Self-Help | Life Studies
Adam Carolla - Change Your Life!
Only one species on the planet can change itself for the better. You belong to that species. Don't waste the opportunity! Live, learn, grow. www.PragerUniver...
History | History
Was the Civil War About Slavery?
What caused the Civil War? Did the North care about abolishing slavery? Did the South secede because of slavery? Or was it about something else entirely...pe...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments: Introduction
Still the Best Moral Code Humanity has everything it needs to create a good world. We've had it for 3,000 years. It's the Ten Commandments; ten basic, yet pr...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
1. I Am the Lord Your God
God Wants Us to Be Free Although the First Commandment (
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
2. No Other Gods
There Are More Idols than Ever Today, the idea of idol worship feels ancient and remote to many people. Thus, the Second Commandment,
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
3. Do Not Misuse God’s Name
The Worst Sin You Can Commit Not all sins are equal. Some are worse than others. The worst of one of all? Committing evil in the name of God. This commandmen...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
4. Remember the Sabbath
Don’t Be a Slave Setting aside a day of rest each week was a revolutionary concept when it was first introduced as the Fourth Commandment. But this Commandme...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
5. Honor Your Father and Mother
Even if You don’t Feel Like It Children owe their parents one thing. And no, it's not love. The Fifth Commandment understands that sometimes it's difficult o...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
6. Do Not Murder
You Can Kill, but You Can't Murder If asked to state this Commandment, most people would say
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
7. Do Not Commit Adultery
The Best Way to Protect the Family Why do the Ten Commandments single out adultery as particularly harmful? Because adultery can destroy the foundational uni...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
8. Do Not Steal
Keep This and You’ll Keep Them All There is one commandment that, if followed by all of humanity, would instantly create a peaceful world: Do not steal. The ...
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
9. Do Not Bear False Witness
Lying Is the Root of Evil The most important ingredient to building a moral society is truth, both inside and outside a courtroom. The prohibition against
Advice & Self-Help | The Ten Commandments
10. Do Not Covet
The One Thought You Should Never Have There is only one Commandment that prohibits a thought, and it is this:
Miscellaneous | Religion/Philosophy
Do We Have Free Will?
Do humans have free will or are our decisions entirely products of chemistry, physics, and genetics? Is there a difference between the brain and the mind? Co...
Miscellaneous | Religion/Philosophy
God and Suffering
Isn't human suffering proof that a just, all-powerful God must not exist? On the contrary, says Boston College Professor of Philosophy Peter Kreeft. How can ...
Miscellaneous | Religion/Philosophy
God vs. Atheism: Which is More Rational?
Belief in God, according to atheists, is irrational, illogical, and dumb. Belief that the universe created itself is, they say, intelligent, rational, and ba...
Miscellaneous | Religion/Philosophy
Does God Exist? 4 New Arguments
Science tells us that universe came into being via The Big Bang. But how do you get from energy and matter to a self-aware human being? That takes three addi...
Miscellaneous | Religion/Philosophy
Is Evil Rational?
Is evil rational? If it is, then how can we depend on reason alone to make a better world? Best-selling author Dennis Prager has a challenging answer.
Miscellaneous | Environmental Science
Why I Left Greenpeace
Patrick Moore explains why he helped to create Greenpeace, and why he decided to leave it. What began as a mission to improve the environment for the sake of...
Miscellaneous | Environmental Science
Are GMOs Good or Bad?
Are GMOs really the dangerous experimental foods that activists claim? Patrick Moore cuts through the hype and gives you the facts: how GMOs improve our live...
Miscellaneous | Environmental Science
The Truth about CO2
Global Warming activists will tell you that CO2 is bad and dangerous. The EPA has even classified it as a pollutant. But is it? Patrick Moore provides some s...
Miscellaneous | Environmental Science
Trees Are the Answer
Everybody loves trees, so why are they so controversial? Patrick Moore untangles the knotty issue of
Business & Finance | Economics
Should Government Bail Out Big Banks?
Should the government bail out big banks that may otherwise go bankrupt? Or should it let them go under, as it did with Lehman Brothers in 2008? Economist Ni...
Business & Finance | Economics
Profits Are Progressive
Is profit a dirty word? Would the world be better off without them? Or are profits progressive -- the only thing that can move potatoes from Idaho to Manhatt...
Business & Finance | Economics
What's the Right Minimum Wage?
What's the perfect minimum wage: is it $10 an hour? $15? $20? How about zero? That's right. Zero. While Congress discusses a minimum wage hike, economist Dav...
History | History
Was it Wrong to Drop the Atom Bomb on Japan? - Prager University
In recent years, many academics and others have condemned President Truman's decision to use the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as unnecessary and immoral. Yet this interpretation relies on a poor understanding of history tha
Politics | POLITICS
Iran and the Bomb - Prager University
Many countries have nuclear weapons, and many more want them. Only one, though, has its neighbors and the world terrified. That country is Iran. Why is everyone so concerned? Because the Islamic theocracy has repeatedly threatened to destroy Israel, spons
Politics | Politics
Do Big Unions Buy Politicians? - Prager University
Who poses the biggest threat to America's economy by striking deals with crooked politicians? Big Oil, Big Pharma, or Big Unions? Daniel DiSalvo, political science professor at the City College of New York, gives the answer.
Politics | Politics
Do You Understand the Electoral College? - Prager University
Right now, there's a well-organized, below-the-radar effort to render the Electoral College effectively useless. It's called the National Popular Vote, and it would turn our presidential elections into a majority-rule affair. Would this be good or bad? Au
Politics | Politics
The Popular Vote vs. the Electoral College - Prager University
Right now, there's a well-organized, below-the-radar effort to render the Electoral College effectively useless. It's called the National Popular Vote, and it would turn our presidential elections into a majority-rule affair. Would this be good or bad? Au
Miscellaneous | Cool Stuff
Does Science Argue for or against God? - Prager University
Why are we here? Literally. The latest science says we shouldn't be. It says that the chance life exists at all is less than zero. So, is science the greatest threat to the idea of Intelligent Design or is science its greatest advocate? Best-selling autho
News | Israel & The Jewish Community
A Black South African on Israel and Apartheid - Prager University
Is Israel an apartheid state, as its enemies claim? Who better to answer that charge than a Black South African who lived through apartheid? Kenneth Meshoe, a member of the South African parliament, fits that bill. He examines the evidence against Israel
Politics | POLITICS
BDS: The Attempt to Strangle Israel - Prager University
The latest strategy employed by those who wish to strangle Israel is called BDS. It may sound harmless, but do not be fooled. It stands for Boycott, Divestment�and Sanctions, and not only is it poisonous for Israel, but for the world as well. Israel is on
News | Israel & The Jewish Community
Do You Pass the Israel Test? - Prager University
Would you believe us if we said that the best litmus test of any society's success is its attitude towards Israel? Well, it's true. As George Gilder explains, whether a society envies and resents Israel's success or celebrates and tries to replicate it is
